AES Europe 2025

Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations are vital in the design of loudspeakers, offering a more efficient alternative to traditional trial-and-error approaches. Precise material characterization, however, is essential in ensuring that theoretical models align closely with measurements. Variations in material properties, particularly those of a loudspeaker’s membrane, can significantly influence loudspeaker performance. This work aims to establish a methodology for evaluating the variability of loudspeaker membrane materials, specifically cones and surrounds, to better understand each materials repeatability among samples, and overall improve the precision and reliability of loudspeaker simulations.


The study first conducts an in-depth analysis of membrane materials, focusing on their Young’s modulus and density, by utilizing both empirical and simulated data. Subsequently, complete loudspeakers were built and investigated, utilizing membranes studied. A FEM simulation framework is presented, and observations are made into discrepancies between measured and simulated loudspeaker responses at specific frequencies and their relation to material modeling.

The results demonstrated significant alignment between simulations and real-life performances, showing interesting insights into the impact of small changes in material properties on the acoustic response of a loudspeaker. One significant finding was the frequency dependence of the Young’s modulus of fiberglass used for a cone. Further validation can be achieved by expanding the dataset of the materials measured, exploring more materials, and under varying conditions such as temperature and humidity. Such insights enable more accurate modeling of loudspeakers and lay the groundwork for exploring novel materials with enhanced acoustic properties, guiding the development of high-performance loudspeakers.